As the Dutch found dominance in sea power during the 17th century, the initial yacht was a pleasure craft used first by royalty and then by the burghers for the canals and then in the protected and unprotected waters of the Low Countries. Yacht racing was incidental, borne from private matches. English yachting originated with King Charles II of England during his exile in the Low Countries. On his reaffirmation to the English throne in 1660, the city of Amsterdam sent him a 20-metre (66-foot) leisure boat with a beam (maximum width) of 5.6 m (18 feet), which he then named Mary. Charles and his brother James, the duke of York (James II, sovereign 1685–88), made more yachts and in 1662 raced two of them from the Thames, from Greenwich, to Gravesend, and returning, on a £100 punt. Yachting rose as fashionable among the affluent and aristocracy, but after that period the trend did not last.
The first yacht club in the British Isles, the Water Club, was started at about 1720 at Cork, Ire., as a cruising and unofficial coast guard association, and held large naval panoply and gravity. The closest thing to racing was the “chase,” in which the “fleet” pursued a fictional enemy. The club went on, mostly as a social club, until 1765, and in 1828, when conglomerating with other clubs, it became known as the Cork Yacht Club (later the Royal Cork Yacht Club).
Yacht racing was seen in some stipulated manner on the Thames about the mid-18th century. The duke of Cumberland founded the Cumberland Fleet for Thames racing in 1775. When George IV ascended to sovereignty in 1820, it was named the Fleet to His Majesty’s Coronation Sailing Society. The Thames Yacht Club seceded following a racing fight, to become the Royal Thames Yacht Club in 1830. The first English yacht club had been initiated at Cowes on the Isle of Wight in 1815, and royal sponsorship made the Solent – the strait between the mainland and the Isle of Wight – the continuing site of British racing. The organisation at Cowes became the Royal Yachting Club, likewise at the ascension of George IV. Each member was required to own boats of at least 20 tons (20,321 kg). Sailing races for great bids were held, and the social life was lovely. It came to be that the Royal Yachting Club boats grew in size to over 350 tons.
In North America, yachting was first accomplished with the Dutch in New York in the 17th century and continued when the English had control. Sailing was mostly for fun and rose to its high point in George Crowinshield’s Cleopatra’s Barge (1815), which cruised on the Mediterranean Sea and set a minimum of luxury and elegance for the later yachts in the area from the late 19th century. The first persisting American yacht society, the Detroit Boat Club, was started in 1839. In 1844, John C. Stevens founded the New York Yacht Club aboard his schooner Gimcrack.
Kinds of sailboats
Early sailing yachts took the style of such naval craft as brigantines, schooners, and cutters from the 17th century through the latter half of the 19th century. The design of sizeable yachts was originally largely affected by the success of America, which was drawn by George Steers for a group started by John C. Stevens, and it was the boat for which the America’s Cup (q.v.) had its namesake after its success at Cowes in 1851. Earlier yachts were not designed and built in today’s sense, with merely a model used. Not until the second half of the 19th century did what was labeled naval architecture come into action. Not until the 1920s did the use of the science of aerodynamics do for the design of sails and rigging what such study had earlier done for hulls.
Because almost all sailboats had to be individually built, there was a need for handicapping boats as this was previous to the one-design class boats were designed. Therefore, a rating rule was created, which is found in the International Rule, accepted in 1906 and amended in 1919. Today, one of the fastest flourishing areas in sailing is that of one-design class boats. All boats in a one-design class are manufactured to single dimensions in length, beam, sail area, and other aspects (for an example of a two-person sailboat, see illustration). Racing for these boats can be had on an even par with no handicapping necessary. A prime example is the standard International America’s Cup Class taken on for racers in the 1992 America’s Cup race.
For the time that yachting was an activity largely for the nobility and the affluent, cost was no issue, and the size of boats grew, in both length and weight. The rise and desire of smaller boats came in the later half of the 19th century out of the sailing of the Englishmen R.T. McMullen, a stockbroker, and E.F. Knight, a barrister and journalist. A trip around the world (1895–98) captained single-handedly by the naturalized American captain Joshua Slocum in the 11.3-metre Spray made plain the hardiness of less sizeable yachts. Following this in the 20th century, notably after World War II, smaller racing and recreational yachts became more common, down to the dinghy, a favoured training boat, of 3.7 m. In the late 20th century, yachts of less than 3 m were traveled in single-handedly across the Atlantic Ocean.
Kinds of power yachts
Following the decade 1840–50, in which steam began to emulate sail power in market boats, the steam engine, and later the internal-combustion engine, were used increasingly in personal boats. Large power yachts were progressed to a high degree, and long-distance sailing became a favourite occupation of the affluent. The first power yachts were paddle-wheel boats; these then gave rise to those powered by the wholly submerged screw or propeller kind of propulsion. Like naval and merchant boats, auxiliaries possessing both sail and power were the yacht archetype for several years. By the second half of the 20th century, many yachts were still auxiliaries, but the majority were exclusively power yachts that had gasoline or diesel engines.
During the last decade of the 19th century there was a rise in the construction of more sizeable steam yachts. In particular among these was the Mayflower (1897) of 2,690 tons, that had triple-expansion engines, twin screws, and a compartmented iron hull, and was sailed by a crew of at least 150. The Mayflower, commissioned by the United States Navy in 1898, was the official yacht of the president of the United States until 1929 and was used in active service in World War II.
As bigger and more dependable internal-combustion engines were developed, many big boats began using them for power. The development of the diesel engine, with heavy oil for fuel, was furthered during World War I. In the decade following, bigger power-yacht creation blossomed, reaching a climax in the Orion (1930) at 3,097 tons. During that point the best auxiliary yacht built was the four-masted, steel, barque-rigged Sea Cloud (1931) of 2,323 tons.
The building of big power boats declined from 1932, and the fashion after that was in preference of smaller, less pricey boats. Following World War II, many small naval craft were sold to private owners for conversion to yachts. At the late 20th century, yachting had become a internationally popular sport enjoyed by thousands of yachtsmen who are actually sailing and maintaining their own small pleasure craft. The number of boats and sailors is increasing steadily, not only in the traditional places by the seacoasts but also on inland waterways and lakes.
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